Nutrición: Realidad de Hoy, Necesidad del Futuro
Palabras clave:
obesidad, sobrepeso, paradoja de la nutrición, enfermedades no trans misibles relacionadas con la desnutrición, jarabe de maíz con alto contenido de fructosa, obesity, overweight, nutrition paradox, nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, corn syrupResumen
RESUMEN
Anteriormente el sobrepeso y la obesidad se consideraban un símbolo de riqueza, mientras que la delgadez reflejaba pobreza y enfermedad. Actualmente, en el mundo existen cerca de 1.600 millones de adultos con sobrepeso, de los cuales, 400 millones son clínicamente obesos. Además es posible que se presente en una misma familia la paradoja de la nutrición al observarse simultáneamente unos sujetos con obesidad y otros con desnutrición.
Se considera que el sobrepeso y la obesidad son de causalidad múltiple y que el proceso de globalización es un factor fundamental que ha alterado el equilibrio energético del ser humano, al favorecer la producción y la disponibilidad de alimentos, y disminuir el gasto calórico mediante el desarrollo tecnológico.
Otros factores que predisponen a la obesidad son el bajo peso en los recién nacidos y la alimentación inadecuada de la mujer embarazada y del niño durante sus dos primeros años de vida. A esto se le pueden sumar las diferencias genotípicas ancestrales relacionadas con los factores de supervivencia en medios ambientes difíciles que generan una respuesta metabólica diferente.
Las enfermedades no transmisibles relacionadas con la nutrición, que se dan como consecuencia del sobrepeso y de la obesidad, han crecido en incidencia en forma alarmante, lo cual ha llevado a considerar la cirugía bariátrica como una buena alternativa médica y económica para su tratamiento.
La industria de los alimentos y las políticas agropecuarias y gubernamentales deben considerar la nutrición como un factor determinante en la formulación de políticas orientadas a disminuir este grave y creciente problema de salud pública.
Palabras clave: obesidad, sobrepeso, paradoja de la nutrición, enfermedades no trans misibles relacionadas con la desnutrición, jarabe de maíz con alto contenido de fructosa,
ABSTRACTNutrition: a Fact Today, an Imperative Tomorrow
In past times, overweight and obesity were considered symbols of wealth, while skinny figures mirrored poverty and sickness. Nowadays, around 1.6 billion adults are overweight, of which 400 million are clinically obese. A nutrition paradox is currently found in a regular family, where the presence of both obesity and malnutrition can coexist.
Obesity and overweight are considered problems with multiple factors, mainly highlighting globalization as a primary cause, due to both the strong alteration to the energy balance of human food production, as well as the availability of food products that reduce the caloric consumption through technological advancements. Another causal factor for the increasing incidence of obesity is underweight of newborns and the inadequate nutrition that both the pregnant mother and the child receive during the first two years of the child’s life. This is then coupled with strong survival oriented ancestral genotypes and other survival factors in harsh environments, which provoke a different metabolic response.
Non-communicable diseases related to nutrition, generated by overweight and obesity, have increased to alarming levels, making bariatric surgery a feasible medical and economical modality of treatment. The food and agricultural industry as well as governmental legislation, must now consider both health and nutrition as a prime factor in the definition of policies aimed at controlling this increasingly serious public health problem.
Key words: obesity, overweight, nutrition paradox, nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, corn syrup high fructose.
Biografía del autor/a
Patricia Savino Lloreda, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá
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