Medición de la edad biológica con biomarcadores: una revisión de alcance

Autores/as

  • Diego Alejandro Espíndola-Fernández Universidad de Antioquia
  • Ana María Posada-Cano Centro Clínico y de Investigación SICOR
  • Dagnovar Aristizábal-Ocampo Centro Clínico y de Investigación SICOR
  • Jaime Gallo-Villegas Universidad de Antioquia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.2339

Resumen

Introducción: Los estudios relacionados con los mecanismos del envejecimiento han permitido la identificación y cuantificación de biomarcadores del envejecimiento biológico. Sin embargo, la información disponible está dispersa y no existe una definición uniforme del concepto. Nuestro objetivo fue revisar los enfoques actuales para medir la edad biológica utilizando biomarcadores y resumir la evidencia. Métodos: Utilizamos la metodología de cinco fases desarrollada por Arksey y O’Malley. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en cinco bases de datos hasta el 27 de marzo de 2023. Se incluyeron artículos originales que describían métodos para medir la edad biológica utilizando ≥2 biomarcadores en individuos mayores de ≥18 años, sin restricciones de idioma o fecha de publicación. Resultados: Se incluyeron 90 artículos de 15 países, publicándose el primero en 1974. La mayoría fueron observacionales, utilizando desde 3 hasta 900 biomarcadores. Se describieron once métodos para calcular la edad biológica compuesta: el análisis de componentes principales, Klemera-Doubal y el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, fueron los más utilizados. Los resultados se centraron en factores de riesgo específicos, comorbilidades, funcionalidad física o cognitiva y mortalidad. La validez pronóstica de la edad biológica se evaluó examinando su asociación con el riesgo de mortalidad, destacando su poder predictivo superior en comparación con la edad cronológica o los biomarcadores de enfermedades tradicionales relacionadas con la edad. Conclusión: Concluimos que la literatura científica exhibe una considerable heterogeneidad en el número y tipo de biomarcadores empleados, así como en los métodos utilizados para estimar la edad biológica. Actualmente, no existe un estándar universalmente aceptado para evaluar la edad biológica, y falta investigación que examine su reproducibilidad y validez pronóstica.

Biografía del autor/a

Diego Alejandro Espíndola-Fernández, Universidad de Antioquia

School of Medicine, University of Antioquia

Ana María Posada-Cano, Centro Clínico y de Investigación SICOR

SICOR Clinical and Research Center for Comprehensive Solutions in Cardiovascular Risk

Dagnovar Aristizábal-Ocampo, Centro Clínico y de Investigación SICOR

SICOR Clinical and Research Center for Comprehensive Solutions in Cardiovascular Risk

Jaime Gallo-Villegas, Universidad de Antioquia

School of Medicine, University of Antioquia

SICOR Clinical and Research Center for Comprehensive Solutions in Cardiovascular Risk

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[1]
Espíndola-Fernández, D.A. et al. 2024. Medición de la edad biológica con biomarcadores: una revisión de alcance. Medicina. 46, 1 (abr. 2024), 178–203. DOI:https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.2339.

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