Síndrome poscovid-19 y nutrición: una perspectiva de manejo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.1664Palabras clave:
infecciones por coronavirus, estado nutricional, signos y síntomas, suplementos dieteticosResumen
Durante los dos primeros años de la pandemia por COVID-19, los esfuerzos para su manejo se han enfocado en la prevención, el manejo de los síntomas y la evaluación de tratamientos para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad derivada de esta enfermedad. Sin embargo, estudios de largo plazo han identificado que las personas infectadas pueden presentar síntomas de larga duración (mayor o igual a 12 semanas). A esta condición se le ha denominado síndrome poscovid-19. Algunos de los síntomas más frecuentes que se han descrito son: debilidad, malestar general, fatiga, alteración en la concentración y la dificultad para respirar, en conjunto con la presencia de respuesta inflamatoria de bajo grado. Adicionalmente, la pérdida de apetito, la diarrea, la anosmia, la ageusia, las náuseas y vómitos tienen un efecto negativo sobre el estado metabólico y nutricional, así como la capacidad funcional de los individuos con esta condición. Una alimentación alta en proteínas, ácidos grasos omega 3 y de micronutrientes, probióticos y suplementación nutricional pueden contribuir a reducir los síntomas observados y mejorar el estado nutricional. Esta revisión busca describir los efectos sobre el estado metabólico y nutricional en personas con síndrome poscovid-19, así como dar algunas alternativas de manejo nutricional.
Biografía del autor/a
David López, Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición (CELAN)
Nutricionista Dietista, Especialista en epidemiología clínica. Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición (CELAN). Chía (Cundinamarca), Colombia.
Cristina Posada, Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición (CELAN)
Nutricionista Dietista, Especialista en bioquímica clínica. Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición (CELAN). Chía (Cundinamarca), Colombia.
Patricia Savino, Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición (CELAN)
Nutricionista Dietista, MBA en salud. Centro Latinoamericano de Nutrición (CELAN). Chía (Cundinamarca).
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8. Saavedra CH, Grupo de expertos participantes en el desarrollo del consenso. IX. Síndrome Post COVID-19: complicaciones tardías y rehabilitación. Infectio. 2021; 25 (4 Supl 1):289-344.
9. Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021; 27(4):601-15.
10. Jennings G, Monaghan A, Xue F, Mockler D, RomeroOrtuño R. A Systematic Review of Persistent Symptoms and Residual Abnormal Functioning following Acute COVID-19: Ongoing Symptomatic Phase vs. Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2021; 10(24):5913.
11. Knight DRT, Munipalli B, Logvinov II, Halkar MG, Mitri G, Dabrh AMA, et al. Perception, Prevalence, and Prediction of Severe Infection and Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19. Am J Med Sci. 2022; S0002-9629(22):00002-7.
12. Hossain MA, Hossain KMA, Saunders K, Uddin Z, Walton LM, Raigangar V, et al. Prevalence of Long COVID symptoms in Bangladesh: a prospective Inception Cohort Study of COVID-19 survivors. BMJ Glob Health. 2021; 6(12):e006838.
13. Kayaaslan B, Eser F, Kalem AK, Kaya G, Kaplan B, Kacar D, et al. Post-COVID syndrome: A single-center questionnaire study on 1007 participants recovered from COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021; 93(12):6566-74.
14. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Pellicer-Valero OJ, Navarro-Pardo E, Palacios-Ceña D, Florencio LL, Guijarro C, et al. Symptoms Experienced at the Acute Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection as Risk Factor of Long-term Post-COVID Symptoms: The LONG-COVID-EXP-CM Multicenter Study. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2022; S1201-9712(22):00007-8.
15. Fang X, Ming C, Cen Y, Lin H, Zhan K, Yang S, et al. Post-sequelae one year after hospital discharge among older COVID-19 patients: A multi-center prospective cohort study. J Infect. 2021; S0163-4453(21):00596-X.
16. Peghin M, Palese A, Venturini M, De Martino M, Gerussi V, Graziano E, et al. Post-COVID-19 symptoms 6 months after acute infection among hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021; 27(10):1507-13.
17. Ghosn J, Piroth L, Epaulard O, Le Turnier P, Mentré F, Bachelet D, et al. Persistent COVID-19 symptoms are highly prevalent 6 months after hospitalization: results from a large prospective cohort. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1041. e1-1041.e4.
18. Martin-Loeches I, Motos A, Menéndez R, Gabarrús A, González J, Fernández-Barat L, et al. ICU-Acquired Pneumonia Is Associated with Poor Health Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2021; 11(1):224.
19. Tosato M, Carfì A, Martis I, Pais C, Ciciarello F, Rota E, et al. Prevalence and Predictors of Persistence of COVID-19 Symptoms in Older Adults: A Single-Center Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021; 22(9):1840-4.
20. Tleyjeh IM, Saddik B, AlSwaidan N, AlAnazi A, Ramakrishnan RK, Alhazmi D, et al. Prevalence and predictors of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) after hospital discharge: A cohort study with 4 months median follow-up. PloS One. 2021; 16(12):e0260568.
21. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Torres-Macho J, ElviraMartínez CM, Molina-Trigueros LJ, Sebastián-Viana T, Hernández-Barrera V. Obesity is associated with a greater number of long-term post-COVID symptoms and poor sleep quality: A multicentre case-control study. Int J Clin Pract. 2021; 75(12):e14917.
22. Liu Q, Mak JWY, Su Q, Yeoh YK, Lui GC-Y, Ng SSS, et al. Gut microbiota dynamics in a prospective cohort of patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Gut. 2022; 71(3):544-552.
23. Cha C, Baek G. Symptoms and management of long COVID: A scoping review. J Clin Nurs. 2021.
24. Pavli A, Theodoridou M, Maltezou HC. Post-COVID Syndrome: Incidence, Clinical Spectrum, and Challenges for Primary Healthcare Professionals. Arch Med Res. 2021; 52(6):575-81.
25. Hayes LD, Ingram J, Sculthorpe NF. More Than 100 Persistent Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (Long COVID): A Scoping Review. Front Med. 2021; 8:750378.
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Cómo citar
[1]
López, D. et al. 2022. Síndrome poscovid-19 y nutrición: una perspectiva de manejo. Medicina. 44, 1 (abr. 2022), 87–98. DOI:https://doi.org/10.56050/01205498.1664.
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